Ch.2 ¤Tºû´¹®æ

 

2.1 ²¤¶

­n¤ÀÃþ¬ã¨s¯u¹ê´¹Åé¡A¥²¶·¬ã¨s¤Tºû®æ¤l¡C
°ò¥»Æ[©À»P¦b¤Gºû®É¬O¤@¼Ëªº¡A¦ý¥i¯à©Ê½ÆÂø«Ü¦h¡C
¤j¦h¼Æ¯Â¤¸¯À¥u§Î¦¨¤Ö¼Æ´XºØ´¹§Î¡C
¦Ó¶W¹L¤Q¸UºØ¦h¹F¤w©w¥Xªº¤Æ¦Xª«¤Î¦Xª÷«h§Î¦¨¦U¦¡¦U¼Ëªº´¹§Î¡C

¤T«×ªÅ¶¡®æ¤l¦@¯à¦³ 32 ­Ó¤£¦PªºÂI¸s¡C

 

2.1.1 ¤¸¯Àªº´¹Åéµ²ºc

­nÂI¡G(1) »{Ãѱ`¨£¤¸¯À¦WºÙ»P²Å¸¹¡B(2) ¤F¸Ñªí 2.1 ¡]¤¸¯Àªº§C·Åµ²´¹ºA¡^©Ò´£¨Ñªº°T®§

 

2.2 ³æºØ­ì¤l®æ¤l¡]Monoatomic Lattices¡^

2.2.1 Simple Cubic

«D±`­«­n¡G¾Ç«ç»ò¬Ý¥ßÅé¹Ï (Stereo Pair)
¸û¤Ö¦³§Î¦¨¤ñºØ¡A¥u¦³ Polonium
¬O³\¦h®æ¤lªº°ò¦
¨C­Ó³»¨¤¤K¤À¤§¤@­Ó­ì¤l

 

2.2.2 Face-Centered Cubic

­±ªº¤¤¤ß¥[­ì¤l
±`¨£
¬O³Ì±K°ï¿nªº¤@ºØ
¦³¨âºØ«Øºc¤èªk
ª`·N¥¦ªº Wigner-Seitz cell

 

2.2.3 Body-Centered Cic

Å骺¤¤¤ß¥[­ì¤l
¤]±`¨£
ª`·N¥¦ªº Wigner-Seitz cell

 

2.2.4 Hexagonal

A-B-A-B (A-B-C-A-B-C ¬O fcc)
¤]¥i§Î¦¨³Ì±K°ï¿n¡A­Y c/a ¤ñ¨Ò¾A·í¡C
¥Û¾¥ªºµ²ºc¤§¤@

 

2.2.6 Diamond

µ²ºcªº©R¦W±`¥H¦PÃþ¦³¦Wªº¤@ºØ§@¥Nªí
Æp¥Û¡Bª¿´¹³£¬OÆp¥Ûµ²ºc

 

2.3 ¤Æ¦Xª«

«D¨Ï¥Î¦³°ò©³ªº®æ¤l¤£¥i¤F¡A¦³¤Q¸U¦hºØ¥H¤Wªºµ²ºc¤v¸g³Q¤HÃþ©w¥X¨Ó¡C

2.3.1 Rocksalt/NaCl (©¥ÆQ/´â¤Æ¶u) µ²ºc

2.3.2 CsCl

«Ü¹³Åé¤ßµ²ºc

2.3.3 Fluorite / CsF

­±¤ß®Ø¬[¡]¤@ºØ­ì¤l¡^¤º¦A¶ë¤@­Ó¤p¥ß¤è¡]¥t¤@ºØ­ì¤l¡^

2.3.4 Zincblende (ZnS) °{¾NÄq

¦UºØ¥b¾ÉÅéùر`¨£ªºµ²ºc
«Ü¹³Æp¥Ûµ²ºc
blende ³o­Ó¦r¨Ó¦Û¡§²V¦X¡¨¡B¡§´ÛÄF¡¨¡C¹]ªº¨Ó·½¤è¹]Äq©M°{¾NÄq±`¤@°_³Q«õ±¸¥X¨Ó

2.3.5 Wurtzite (ZnO)

¥iµø¬°Âù­«Å|®Mªº¤»¤è³Ì±K°ï¿n¡]hcp¡^
µoÂÅ¥úªº´á¤ÆñS´N¬O³oºØµ²ºc

2.3.6 Pervoskite (CaTiO3)

³\¦h°ª·Å¶W¾ÉÅ骺°ò¥»«¬

2.3.7 ÁÙ¦³«Ü¦h

Rutile (TiO2)
Chacalpyrite
Zeolite¡]¦hºØ¡^

 

2.4 ±q¹ïºÙ©Ê¤ÀÃþ®æ¤l

14 Bravais Lattices, 7 crystal Systems, 32 point groups, 230 Space groups

2.4.1 ¤Q¥|ºØ Bravis Lattices »P¤C­Ó Crystal Systems

¦b¤T«×ªÅ¶¡¤¤©Ò¦³¡]¥H¬Û¦P½èÂI¡^¯à°µ¥Xªº Bravais Lattice¡A­Y¬O¥ÎÂI¸s¥h¤ÀÃþ¥¦­Ì¡A«h¤ÀÄݤCÃþ¡]¦^¾Ð¤W¤@³¹¡A¤Gºûªº¦@¦³¤­Ãþ¡^¡A³QºÙ¬°¤C­Ó Crystal Systems¡G

Cubic µ¥¶b
Tetragonal ¥¿¤è(¥|¤è)
Orthorhombic ±×¤è
Monoclinic ³æ±×
Triclinic ¤T±×
Romhedral (©Î trigonal) ¤T¤è
Hexagonal ¤»¤è

¦Ü©ó¤£¬O¥HÂI¸s¥h¤ÀÃþ¡A¦Ó¬O¥H¹ïºÙ©Ê¤Wªº¤£¦P¨Ó°Ï¤À¡A«h¡]¯à¥Î¬Û¦P½èÂI°µ¥X¨Óªº¡^ Bravais Lattice ¦@¥i³Q¤À¬°¤Q¥|ºØ¡C

¸Ô²Óªº¤ÀÃþ¨£½Ò¥»¤¤ªºªí 2.8¡C

 

2.5 ¦³°ò©³®æ¤lªº¹ïºÙ©Ê

2.5.1 32 ­Ó´¹ÅéÂI¸s

¦b¤@¯ë©Êªº±¡ªp¤U¡A­n©w¥X®æ¤lªº©Ò¦³¥i¯à¹ïºÙ©Ê´N¤£¬O¥u°µ¤W¸`ªº¤ÀÃþ´N¦n¤F¡A³o¬O¦]¬°­n¦Ò¼{¶i¥h¦³¡§°ò©³¡¨ªº®æ¤l¡C­º¥ý¬ì¾Ç®a¥²¶·§ä¥X¾A¥Î¤§©Ò¦³¤£¦PÂI¸s¡A¥¦­Ì¤@¦@¦h¹F 32 ­Ó¡A¦pªí 2.9 ¤¤©Ò¦C¡Cµ²´¹¾Ç®a¶Ç²Î¤W¥Î©Ò¿×ªº Stereogram ¨Ó´y­z³o¨Ç¤£¦Pªº¸s¡]¨ä¹Ï¶H©M²Å¸¹ªº·N¸q¡A¨£¹Ï 2.17 ¤Îªí 2.10¡^¡C¦Ü©ó´¹ÅéÂI¸sªº©R¦W¡A¦³¨âºØ³£«Ü±`¥Î¡A¤À§O¬O Schoenflies °O¸¹¤Î°ê»Ú°O¸¹¡A¤À¦C©óªí 2.9 ¤§Äæ¦ì®æ¤l¤¤ªº¤W­±»P¤U­±¡A¦³¦h©ó¤@ºØªí¥ÜªkªÌ«h¥ª¥k¦C¥X¡C

Schoenflies °O¸¹¡G²Å¸¹ C¡BD¡BS¡BT¡BO¡]·N¸q¨£½Ò¤å¡^¡A°t¦X¤U¼Ð n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 ¥NªíÂà°Ê¶bªº´X­«©Ê¡A¦A°t¤W¥t¤@²Õ¤U¼Ð h, v, d ¨Óªí¥Ü¤TºØÃè¹³­±¡]¨£ªí 2.10 ùتºµù¸Ñ¡^¡C

¨Ò¦p 6m ¥Nªí¦³¤@­ÓÃè¹³­±¥]§t¤F¤@­Ó¤»­«¶b¡]¦b¸Ó¶bº¡¨¬ 2p/6 Âà°Ê¤£ÅÜ¡^¡A¦Ó 6/m «h·N«ü¦³¤@­ÓÃè¹³­±««ª½©ó¤@­Ó¤»­«¶b¡C

ª`·Nªí 2.9 ©Ò¦C¥XªÌ¤£¬O©Ò¦³ªºÂI¸s¡A¦Ó¥u¬O®æ¤lÂI©Ò¯àªí²{¥X¨Óªº¡A³o¤]¸ÑÄÀ¤Fªí 2.9 ¤¤¬°¦ó¤£¯à¦³¤­­«¶b¡]¦p¹Ï 2.18¡^Ãþ«¬¤§¹ïºÙªº¦s¦b¡C¤Æ¾Ç®a¦b°Q½×¤À¤lªº®É­Ô¡A´N¨S¦³¤@¼h¶·­n¬O®æ¤lÂIªº­­¨î¤F¡C

¤Gºû®æ¤l©Ò¯àº¡¨¬ªºÂà°Ê¨¤«×¥u¦³ 360 ¤À¤§ 1, 2, 4, 6¡]¥iÃÒ©úªº¡^

 

2.5.2 230 ºØ¤£¦Pªº®æ¤l

symmorphic (73 ­Ó) and nonsymmorphic
¦³¦Ò¼{ spin «hÁÙ­n§ó¦h

¬d¸ß´¹Åéµ²ºc¸ê®Æªº¨Ó·½¡A³q±`¦³

Wyckoff or Landolt and Boernstein or Pearson

Cambridge Ctructure Database (CSD¡G¦³¾÷´¹Åéµ²ºc¸ê®Æ®w¡^,

Inorganic Crystal Structure Database¡]ICSD¡GµL¾÷´¹Åéµ²ºc¸ê®Æ®w¡^,

NIST Crystal Database

°ê®a°ª³t»Pºô¸ô¹Bºâ¤¤¤ß¡]http://www.nchc.gov.tw¡^ ªº¸ê®Æ®wºô­¶¤º¥i³sµ²¨ì CSD »P ICSD µ¥¡C

 

2.6 ¤@¨Ç·LÆ[¹ïºÙªº¥¨Æ[µ²ªG

¯Âºé¬O¥Ñ©ó´¹Åé±Æ¦C¹ïºÙ©Êªº½t¬G¡A¦Ó¾É­Pªº¯S²§ª«²z©Ê½è¡A»P¤º§t¤§­Ó§O¤¸¯ÀºØÃþ¨S¦³Ãö«Y¡C¥H¤U´XºØ¬ÒÄݤ§¡G

¼ö¹q©Ê
¦³¥Ã¤[¹q°¸·¥ªº´¹Åéµ²ºc¡A¦]·Å«×ªº¤£¦P¦Ó³y¦¨§÷®Æªí­±¹q²üªº¥X²{»P®ø¥¢¡A´N¬O¼ö¹q©Ê¡C

À£¹q©Ê
¤£¥²¸Ë¹q¦À¦Ó¤@«ö´N¯à¸õ¥X¤õªáªº¼p©Ð¥Î¥Ë´µÄlÂI¤õ¾¹¡AùØ­±¸Ë¸mªº´¹Åé¡A®e©ö¨üÀ£¤O§ÎÅܦӳy¦¨´¹­M¤º¹q°¸·¥ªº§ïÅÜ¡A¦]¦Ó¾É­P¤Fªí­±¹q²üªºÅܤơCSTM¡]±½´y¬ïÀG¦¡Åã·LÃè¡^ªº¦ùÁYÁu§ý¡B¥Û­^¿ö¤º²£¥Í©T©wÀW²vªº¥Û­^®¶Àú¾¹¡A³£¦]´¹Åé¨ü¤£¦P¹q³õ¦Ó§ÎÅÜ¡A¦Ó¯àµo´§¥¦­Ì¶Wºë±K´T«×¦ùÁY»P¤£Â_³W«ß®¶Àúªº¥\¯à¡C

¥ú¾Ç¬¡©Ê
¡]ª`·N³o¤£¬O¨ººØ©`¦Ì±þµß¥úªº¥ú¤Æ¾Ç¤ÏÀ³©Ê¡^ ¨Ò¦p¥Û­^¯à±N¤J®g¥úªº°¾®¶¤è¦V±ÛÂà¡C

 

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