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dy/dx = -f(x,y)/g(x,y)
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g(x,y) dy + f(x,y) dx= 0
½Ò¥»°ÝÃD¡G dy/dx ¥i¥H´N³o»ò©î¶}¦¨ dy ¡Bdx ¶Ü¡Hª«²z¾Ç®a§â dx¡Bdy ·Q¦¨ δx ¡Bδy ´N¥i¥H¡C
¡]¥H¤U¤¶²Ð¤TºØ¤èªk¡^
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Q(y)dy + F(x)dx = 0
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Ex 2.1 : ¨D¸Ñ dy/dx = - y2 ex
Ex 2.2 : ¨D¸Ñ dy/dx = 8x + 4y + (2x + y -1)2
Ex 2.3 : ¨D¸Ñ dy/dx = (y2 + xy) / x2
Ex 2.4 : ¨D¸Ñ dy/dx = (y + x -5) / (y - 3x -1)
Ex 2.5 : ¨D¸Ñ ªá¦¡¸õ³Ê ªÌªº¸¨¤U±¡§Î¡C
¥¿¦X (exact) ¤èµ{¦¡¡]§Î¦¡¡^
·Qªk¡G¹ï¥ô¦óÂùÅܼƨç¼Æ u(x,y)¡A¦³¥þ·L¤À du = ∂u/∂x dx + ∂u/∂y dy ¤@©w¦¨¥ß¡]why¡H·Q¹³ dx »P dy ¦U¦Û¯àÅܤơA¼¤W±×²v¡^
¦]¦¹¡A·Q§â f dx + g dy ¤@Á|¼g¦¨ du ¡A§ä u ¨Ï±o ∂u /∂x = f ; ∂u /∂y = g ¡C
¹ï©ó¨D¸Ñ dy/dx = -f(x,y) / g(x,y) §Y f(x,y)dx + g(x,y)dy = 0 ¡AYµ¥¸¹¥ª¬°¤@¥þ·L¤À du ¡A«h¥iª½±µ¿n¤À¨D¸Ñ¡A¨ä¸Ñ¬° u(x,y) = C¡C
¤]´N¬O»¡¡A즡À³¨ã du = (∂u /∂x ) dx + (∂u /∂y ) dy ¤§§Î¦¡
³o·N¨ýµÛ¡A(∂u /∂x ) = f , (∂u /∂y ) = g
¬JµM¦p¦¹ ¡A¥²¦³ ∂f /∂y = ∂g /∂x ( ¥Î¨ì¤F°¾·L¤À¦b¯S©w±ø¥ó¤U¥i¥æ´«¤§¯S©Ê¡^
°ÝÃD : ¬°¦ó (∂/∂x ) (∂/∂y ) f = (∂/∂y ) (∂/∂x ) f ?
¸Ñ y(x) ªºµ¦²¤²{¦bÂର¨D¸Ñ u(x,y)¡A
¸Õ°Ý¡G°£¤F du = f dx + g dy = 0 ±ø¥ó¤§¥~¡AÁÙ¦³¤°»ò±ø¥ó¥iÅý§Ų́D u(x,y)¡H
µª®×¡G¥¿¦X±ø¥ó¦¡(²Õ)¥»¨¡C
(∂u /∂x ) = f , (∂u /∂y ) = g
¦p¦¹¤@¨Ó¡A·|±o¨âÓ u ªº¸Ñ¡A¤@Ó¨Ó¦Û(∂u /∂x ) = f¡A¿n¤À±o u = ∫ f dx + c 1(y)¡A¥t¤@Ó¨Ó¦Û(∂u /∂y ) = g¡A¿n¤À±o u = ∫ g dy + c 2(x)¡A¦ý³o¨âÓ u ¬O¦P¤@Ó¨ç¼Æ¡A¦A²Õ¦X§Y±o ½T©w¤§ u¡C
Ex 2.6 : ÀËÅç¤èµ{¦¡ xdy/dx + (x+y) = 0 ¤§¥¿¦X©Ê¨Ã¨D¸Ñ¤§
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¤£º¡¨¬¥¿¦X¤èµ{¦¡ªº¤@¶¥·L¤è, ÁÙ¬O¦s¦b¤@Ó¿n¤À¦]¤l¡]¤£¬O y ªº¨ç¼Æ¡^¡A¨Ï±o¼ ¤W¥h«á¬°¥¿¦X¡A¥u¤£¹L¬O¦¹¤@¿n¤À¦]¤l¡A¤£¤@©w®e©ö§ä¨ì¡C
¦pªG«Ý¸Ñªº·L¤À¤èµ{¦¡¬O½u©Êªº¡]ª`·N f »P g ùØÀY³£¨S¦³ y ªº¬Û¨Ì©Ê¡A§Y³£¤£¬O y ªºÅã¨ç¼Æ¡^¡A¦p
dy/dx + f(x) y + g(x) = 0
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e∫ f(x) dx
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ÃÒ©ú I¡G°²³] R(x) ´N¬O§ÚÌnªº¿n¤À¦]¤l¡A ¼¤J즡´N·|º¡¨¬¥¿¦X±ø¥ó¡A«h§Ú̦³¡G
R(x) [dy/dx + f(x) y - g(x)] = 0¡A§Y
R(x) dy + [R(x) f(x) y - R(x)g(x)] dx = 0 = du = (∂u / ∂y ) dy + (∂u /∂x ) dx
«h¥¿¦X±ø¥ón¨D ∂R(x) /∂x = ∂[R(x) f(x) y - R(x) g(x)] /∂y
¤W¦¡ (¥¿¦X±ø¥ó¦¡) ¥k¤âÃä = R(x) f(x) ¡]¦]¬°²Ä¤G¶µ»P y µLÃö¡^¡A¦Ó¥ª¤âÃä = d R(x) / dx ¡]¦]¬°¥u»P x ¦³Ãö¡^
¬G¦³ dR(x) / dx = R(x) f(x) ⇒ dR / R = f(x) dx ⇒ ln R =∫ f(x) dx ⇒ R = e∫ f(x) dx ¡A±oÃÒ¡C
ÃÒ©ú II¡G°²³] R(x) ´N¬O§ÚÌnªº¿n¤À¦]¤l¡A ¼¤J즡´N·|º¡¨¬¥¿¦X±ø¥ó¡A«h§Ú̦³¡G
R(x) [dy/dx + f(x) y] = R(x) g(x)¡A§Y R(x) [dy + f(x) y dx] = R(x) g(x) dx¡A¥ç§Y
R(x) dy + R(x) f(x) y dx = R(x) g(x)
¦¹¦¡¤§µ¥¸¹¥kÃ䳡¤À¤w¸g¥i¿n¤À¡A¬G¶È»Ý¬Ý¥ªÃä»ô©Ê¦¡ªº³¡¤À¡C¥ªÃän¯à¹F¨ì¥¿¦Xªº¸Ü¡A¶·º¡¨¬
∂[R(x) f(x) y]/∂y = ∂R(x) /∂x
¤W¦¡ (¥¿¦X±ø¥ó¦¡) ¥ª¤âÃä = R(x) f(x) ¡A¦Ó¥k¤âÃä = d R(x) / dx ¡]¦]¬°¥u»P x ¦³Ãö¡^
¬G¦³ dR(x) / dx = R(x) f(x) ⇒ dR / R = f(x) dx ⇒ ln R =∫ f(x) dx ⇒ R = e∫ f(x) dx ¡A±oÃÒ¡C
¦¹¦]¤l F ¼¤J«á¡A¦¨¥¿¦X±ø¥ó¤§·L¤À¤èµ{¦¡¡]°O±o¡G¥Ø¼ÐÂର¨D¸Ñ u(x,y)¡^¡]¨ä¤¤ F = ∫ f(x) dx ¡^
ì°ÝÃD¦¡ dy/dx + f(x) y = g(x)
¦¨¬° d (y eF) / dx = g(x) eF ¡]½Ð¦Û¦æÅçºâ¬Ý¬Ý d (y eF) / dx ·L¤À¥X¨Ó·|¬O¤°»ò¡A§Yª¾¬°¦ó¦¹¦¡¦¨¥ß¡^
d [y e∫f(x)dx] / dx = g(x) e∫f(x)dx
⇒ y e∫f(t)dt = ∫ g(x) e∫f(x')dx' dx + C
⇒ y = e-∫f(x)dx [∫ g(x) e∫f(x')dx' dx + C ]
¡]´£¿ô¡G¿n¤À¦]¤l»P g(x) µLÃö¡^
Ex 2.7 : ½T»{ xdy / dx + 2y + x2 = 0 ¤£º¡¨¬¥¿¦X¤èµ{¦¡ , ¨Ã§ä¤@Ó¿n¤À¦]¤l¨Ï¤§¥¿¦X¨Ã¨D¸Ñ¡C
¡]µù¡G½Ò¥»¨Ï¥Î ¦³²z¤Æ¦¨ ¤§«á dy / dx + (2/x)y + x = 0¡A¨ú¥Î f(x) = 1/x ¬O¤£¹ïªº¡AÀ³¸Ó¿í·Ó줽¦¡¨Ï¥Î f(x) =2/x¡A±o¿n¤À¦]¤l x2 ¡A¦A¼¦^ ¦³²z¤Æ ¤§¦¡¤l¡C½Ò¥»¨ÒÃD§@ªk¥u¬O¥©¦X¦¨¥ß¡AYÃD¥Ø§ï¬° xdy / dx + 3y + x2 = 0 ¡A¤j®a´N·|µo²{½Ò¥»¨ÒÃD¤¤ªº§@ªk¤£¯à¾A¥Î¡C¡^
Ex 2.8 RL ¹q¸ô¨D ¸ÑÀH®É¶¡§ïÅܪº¹q¬y I(t)
¥Õ§V¤O¤èµ{¦¡¡]¿ï¡^
dy / dx + f(x)y = g(x)yn
±`¨£©óª«²z°ÝÃD¤¤¡A¬O¤@Ó«D½u©Ê¤@¶¥·L¤À¤èµ{¦¡¡C
§ÚÌ¥i³z¹L³] w = yα ¡A¨ä¤¤ α = 1 - n¡A¨Ï즡¤Æ¬° "½u©Ê" ¤@¶¥±`·L¤è
dw/ dx = (1 - n) f(x) w = (1 - n) g(x)
¤W¦¡¤§¿n¤À¦]¤l¬° eint(1-n)f(x)dx
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